PHY301 3rd Assignment Solutions:
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Friday, November 27, 2009
Thursday, November 26, 2009
ACCA
ACCA-The Global body for Professional Accountants
ACCA (the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants) is the global body for professional accountants. We aim to offer business-relevant, first-choice qualifications to people of application, ability and ambition around the world who seek a rewarding career in accountancy, finance and management.
We support our 131,500 members and 362,000 students throughout their careers, providing services through a network of 82 offices and active centres. Our global infrastructure means that exams and support are delivered - and reputation and influence developed - at a local level, directly benefiting stakeholders wherever they are based, or plan to move to, in pursuit of new career opportunities. Our focus is on professional values, ethics, and governance, and we deliver value-added services through 57 global accountancy partnerships, working closely with multinational and small entities to promote global standards and support.
We use our expertise and experience to work with governments, donor agencies and professional bodies such as the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) to develop the global accountancy profession and to advance the public interest.
Our reputation is grounded in over 100 years of providing world-class accounting and finance qualifications. We champion opportunity, innovation, diversity, integrity and accountability. By promoting our global standards, and supporting our members wherever they work, we aim to meet the current and future needs of international business.
ACCA understands the real issues facing small businesses as 63,000 of our members work in SMEs or small partnerships worldwide. ACCA's theme for 2009-2010 is Accountants for Business. This theme emphasises the important roles accountants play in both the private and public sectors, promoting their role as advocates of sound business practices, champions of sustainable business development and identifiers of value drivers which lead to high-performing organisations.
ACCA (the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants) is the global body for professional accountants. We aim to offer business-relevant, first-choice qualifications to people of application, ability and ambition around the world who seek a rewarding career in accountancy, finance and management.
We support our 131,500 members and 362,000 students throughout their careers, providing services through a network of 82 offices and active centres. Our global infrastructure means that exams and support are delivered - and reputation and influence developed - at a local level, directly benefiting stakeholders wherever they are based, or plan to move to, in pursuit of new career opportunities. Our focus is on professional values, ethics, and governance, and we deliver value-added services through 57 global accountancy partnerships, working closely with multinational and small entities to promote global standards and support.
We use our expertise and experience to work with governments, donor agencies and professional bodies such as the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) to develop the global accountancy profession and to advance the public interest.
Our reputation is grounded in over 100 years of providing world-class accounting and finance qualifications. We champion opportunity, innovation, diversity, integrity and accountability. By promoting our global standards, and supporting our members wherever they work, we aim to meet the current and future needs of international business.
ACCA understands the real issues facing small businesses as 63,000 of our members work in SMEs or small partnerships worldwide. ACCA's theme for 2009-2010 is Accountants for Business. This theme emphasises the important roles accountants play in both the private and public sectors, promoting their role as advocates of sound business practices, champions of sustainable business development and identifiers of value drivers which lead to high-performing organisations.
Tuesday, November 24, 2009
HRM627
HRM627 GDB solution:
A student goes to the teacher and confesses that he did not do his home work. How would the teacher respond if the teacher responds in the following mentioned ego states?
a) A critical parent
b) A sympathetic parent
c) A natural child
d) An adaptive child
e) Adult ego state.
Critical Parent. When you behave and respond with evaluative responses that are critical, judgmental, opinionated, demanding, disapproving, disciplining, and so on, you are in critical parent ego state. People in the critical parent ego use a lot of do’s and don’ts. Managers using the autocratic style tend to be in critical parent ego state because they use high task/directive behavior.
Sympathetic Parent. On the other hand, you can also be a different type of parent. When you behave and respond with reassuring response that are protecting, permitting, consoling, caring, nurturing, and so on, you are in sympathetic parent ego state. Managers using the consultative and participative styles tend to be in sympathetic parent ego state because they are using high supportive/relationship behavior.
Natural Child. When you behave and respond with probing responses that shows curiosity, intimacy, fun, joyfulness, fantasy, impulsiveness, and so on, you are in natural child ego state. Successful managers do not tend to continuously operate from the natural child ego state.
Adapted Child. When you behave with confronting responses that express rebelliousness, pouting, anger, fear, anxiety, inadequacy, procrastination, blaming others, and so on, you are in adapted child ego state. Managers should avoid behaving from the adapted child ego state because this type of behavior often leads to the employee becoming emotional and behaving in a similar manner. When managers are transacting with an employee in this ego state, they should not react with similar behavior, but should be in the adult ego state.
Adult Ego State
When the adult ego is in control, people behave in a thinking, rational, calculating, factual, unemotional manner. The adult gathers information, reasons things out, estimates probabilities, and makes decision with cool and calm behavior. When communicating in the adult ego state, you avoid becoming the victim of the other person by controlling your response to the situation. Generally, the most effective behavior, human relations, and performance come from the adult ego state. When interacting with others, you should be aware of their ego state. Are they acting like a parent, child, or adult?
Identifying their ego state will help you understand why they are behaving the way they are and help you to determine which ego state you should use during the interaction. For example, if the person is acting like an adult, you most likely should, too. If the person is acting like a child, it may be appropriate way for you to act like a parent rather than an adult. And there are times when it is appropriate for you to act out of the child ego state and have a good time.
A student goes to the teacher and confesses that he did not do his home work. How would the teacher respond if the teacher responds in the following mentioned ego states?
a) A critical parent
b) A sympathetic parent
c) A natural child
d) An adaptive child
e) Adult ego state.
Critical Parent. When you behave and respond with evaluative responses that are critical, judgmental, opinionated, demanding, disapproving, disciplining, and so on, you are in critical parent ego state. People in the critical parent ego use a lot of do’s and don’ts. Managers using the autocratic style tend to be in critical parent ego state because they use high task/directive behavior.
Sympathetic Parent. On the other hand, you can also be a different type of parent. When you behave and respond with reassuring response that are protecting, permitting, consoling, caring, nurturing, and so on, you are in sympathetic parent ego state. Managers using the consultative and participative styles tend to be in sympathetic parent ego state because they are using high supportive/relationship behavior.
Natural Child. When you behave and respond with probing responses that shows curiosity, intimacy, fun, joyfulness, fantasy, impulsiveness, and so on, you are in natural child ego state. Successful managers do not tend to continuously operate from the natural child ego state.
Adapted Child. When you behave with confronting responses that express rebelliousness, pouting, anger, fear, anxiety, inadequacy, procrastination, blaming others, and so on, you are in adapted child ego state. Managers should avoid behaving from the adapted child ego state because this type of behavior often leads to the employee becoming emotional and behaving in a similar manner. When managers are transacting with an employee in this ego state, they should not react with similar behavior, but should be in the adult ego state.
Adult Ego State
When the adult ego is in control, people behave in a thinking, rational, calculating, factual, unemotional manner. The adult gathers information, reasons things out, estimates probabilities, and makes decision with cool and calm behavior. When communicating in the adult ego state, you avoid becoming the victim of the other person by controlling your response to the situation. Generally, the most effective behavior, human relations, and performance come from the adult ego state. When interacting with others, you should be aware of their ego state. Are they acting like a parent, child, or adult?
Identifying their ego state will help you understand why they are behaving the way they are and help you to determine which ego state you should use during the interaction. For example, if the person is acting like an adult, you most likely should, too. If the person is acting like a child, it may be appropriate way for you to act like a parent rather than an adult. And there are times when it is appropriate for you to act out of the child ego state and have a good time.
Thursday, November 19, 2009
CS615
CS615 Assignment Solution
Answer1:ActorsThere will be two types of actors who will be interacting with the system• Student• AdministrationStudentResponsibilities of student:1. Register for test2. Login in the system3. View profile4. Choose Sections for the test5. Start Test6. Move to next page of each section7. Move to next section8. End Test9. View result10. Give Feed back about the quizStudent’s roles are explained by the following diagram.AdministrationResponsibilities of Administration:1. Viewing student’s profile2. Login in the system3. Designing and Edit questions4. Finalization students who can take the test5. Preparing & displaying result of the quiz Following diagram displays the role of administration
Answer2:An evolutionary development approach is typically used to develop and implement software, except for any commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) components which, by definition, do not require software development. This approach has been described by software developer as the "best practice for software development and implementation". According to developers "evolutionary delivery is a lifecycle model that straddles the ground between evolutionary prototyping and staged delivery." Early versions of the system are presented to the customer and the system is refined and enhanced based on customer feedback. The cycle continues until development time runs out (schedule constraint) or funding for development runs out (resource constraint). There is a strong desire to use this approach since it is the most beneficial approach to use for prototype-to-operational development efforts typically used. Research and system development efforts that several national labs are performing for the FAA, NASA, and U.S. military also use this development methodology. Software systems are often developed and implemented based solely on detailed specifications and operational concept documents and only after the systems have been delivered do users realize that the systems are not what they envisioned. It is very difficult to determine the detailed preferences of customers and exactly how a system will be used before it is placed before the users, especially when potential users have a diverse set of tasks to perform. With this in mind, a development (prototyping) environment is usually established during the first year of a project. The development environment will continue to be used during subsequent years to support ongoing developments, enhancements, and demonstration activities. During the time that the development environment is in place, users will gain experience with the systems, displays, and products and be in a better position to determine how the system will be incorporated into their operational environment during subsequent phases of projects.Evolutionary models are considered to be the best approach to software development in a modern context because time lines for the development of modern software are getting shorter and shorter, customers are becoming more diverse (making the understanding of requirements even harder), and changes to requirements are becoming even more common (before delivery), we need a way to provide incremental or evolutionary delivery. The evolutionary process accommodates uncertainty better than most process models, allows the delivery of partial solutions in an orderly and planned manner, and most importantly, reflects what really happens when complex systems are built.
Answer1:ActorsThere will be two types of actors who will be interacting with the system• Student• AdministrationStudentResponsibilities of student:1. Register for test2. Login in the system3. View profile4. Choose Sections for the test5. Start Test6. Move to next page of each section7. Move to next section8. End Test9. View result10. Give Feed back about the quizStudent’s roles are explained by the following diagram.AdministrationResponsibilities of Administration:1. Viewing student’s profile2. Login in the system3. Designing and Edit questions4. Finalization students who can take the test5. Preparing & displaying result of the quiz Following diagram displays the role of administration
Answer2:An evolutionary development approach is typically used to develop and implement software, except for any commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) components which, by definition, do not require software development. This approach has been described by software developer as the "best practice for software development and implementation". According to developers "evolutionary delivery is a lifecycle model that straddles the ground between evolutionary prototyping and staged delivery." Early versions of the system are presented to the customer and the system is refined and enhanced based on customer feedback. The cycle continues until development time runs out (schedule constraint) or funding for development runs out (resource constraint). There is a strong desire to use this approach since it is the most beneficial approach to use for prototype-to-operational development efforts typically used. Research and system development efforts that several national labs are performing for the FAA, NASA, and U.S. military also use this development methodology. Software systems are often developed and implemented based solely on detailed specifications and operational concept documents and only after the systems have been delivered do users realize that the systems are not what they envisioned. It is very difficult to determine the detailed preferences of customers and exactly how a system will be used before it is placed before the users, especially when potential users have a diverse set of tasks to perform. With this in mind, a development (prototyping) environment is usually established during the first year of a project. The development environment will continue to be used during subsequent years to support ongoing developments, enhancements, and demonstration activities. During the time that the development environment is in place, users will gain experience with the systems, displays, and products and be in a better position to determine how the system will be incorporated into their operational environment during subsequent phases of projects.Evolutionary models are considered to be the best approach to software development in a modern context because time lines for the development of modern software are getting shorter and shorter, customers are becoming more diverse (making the understanding of requirements even harder), and changes to requirements are becoming even more common (before delivery), we need a way to provide incremental or evolutionary delivery. The evolutionary process accommodates uncertainty better than most process models, allows the delivery of partial solutions in an orderly and planned manner, and most importantly, reflects what really happens when complex systems are built.
STA301
STA301 3rd Assignment Solution
Q No. 1 (a): In how many ways can 4 boys and 5 girls sit in arow if every boy and girl has to sit side by side?
In order to fulfill the given condition, the seating arrangement must be asfollows.GIRL BOY GIRL BOY GIRL BOY GIRL BOY GIRL
5 girls can seat in 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 120 ways
4 boys can seat in 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 24 ways
Total number of ways in which 5 girls and 4 boys can sit fulfilling thegiven condition = 120 × 24 = 2880
Q No. 1 (b): Briefly explain the terms mutually exclusiveevents, exhaustive events and sample space.
Mutually Exclusive Events: Those events that cannot occur at the sametime.
Example: When we toss the coin, we get either Heads or Tails but not both.Exhaustive Events: Events are said to be collectively exhaustive, when the union of mutually exclusive events is the entire sample space.Example: When we toss a coin, then Heads and Tails are collectively known as Exhaustive Events.Sample Space: Sample Space is a set which consists of all possible outcomes resulting from a random experimentExample: Sample Space in case of a fair die is S = {1,2,3,4,5,6}Q No. 1 (c): A fair coin is tossed. Make a sample space and findthe probability of the followings:I. One head appearsII. One tail appearsIII. No head appearsThe sample space for a toss is S = {Heads, Tails}One head appears = . = 0.5One tail appears = . = 0.5No head appears = . = 0.5
Q No. 2 (a): In a simple linear regression yˆ = a + bx , interpret thecoefficients “a” and “b”.a is called the y-intercept, and b indicates the rate of change in y withrespect to x and is formally known as the slope of the line.
Q No. 2 (b): A computer while computing the correlationcoefficient between two variables x and y from 25 pairs ofobservations, obtained the following results:n = 25 , Σx = 125 , Σx2 = 650 , Σy = 100 , Σy2 = 460 , Σxy = 508It was, however discovered at the time of re-checking that ithad mistakenly copied down two pairs of observations asbelow:x y11 109 7While the correct values werex y14 812 9Now find out the correct value of correlation coefficientbetween x and y.Correct Σx = 125 – 11 – 9 + 14 + 12 = 131Correct Σy = 100 – 10 – 7 + 8 + 9 = 100Correct Σx2 = 650 – 112 – 92 + 142 + 122 = 788Correct Σy2 = 460 – 102 – 72 + 82 + 92 = 456Correct Σxy = 508 – (11 × 10) – (9 × 7) + (14 × 8) + (12 × 9) = 555= 0.41
Wednesday, November 18, 2009
CS504
Assignment No: 3Cs 504 Software Engineering
Write Abstract (Summary) of given research paper Titled “Reducing Coupling” by Martin Fowler”.
Reducing Coupling
If changing one module in a program requires changing another module, then there is a coupling presents. Duplication always implies coupling. Coupling is desirable, because it saves us to write a big program to put together all the modules. It is a controlled process.
Look at dependencies
To consider coupling everywhere is not a good approach.
Pattern of dependency relationship is important not the number of modules. Diagram defined in the Unified Modeling Language (UML) is very helpful to know about the dependencies.
The UI module usually depends on the domain module, but not the other way around. UML dependencies are also nontransitive. This nontransitivity is important because it lets us show that the domain model insulates the UI from changes in the database. Thus, if the database’s interface changes,we don’t immediately have to worry about a change in the UI. The UI will only change if the change in the database causes a big enough change in the domain that the domain’s interface also changes.
Layered architecture should be familiar to anyone who works in information systems.
A common piece of advice regarding dependency structures is to avoid cycles. Cycled systems are harder to understand because we have to go around the cycle many times.
A mapper package
A mapper is a package that provides insulation in both directions. The mapper package provides insulation in both directions, which lets the domain and database change independently of each other. Other kind of dependency is the relationship between an interface and its implementation. An implementation depends on its interface but not vice versa. Any caller of an interface depends only on the interface, even if a separate module implements it.
Defining an interface in a module that a separate module intends to implement is a fundamental way to break dependencies and reduce coupling.A common example in the Java world is a listener. Because listeners are classes, they are more explicit, which clarifies things. Direction of the dependencies and the way they flow is important not the lesser dependencies.
Write Abstract (Summary) of given research paper Titled “Reducing Coupling” by Martin Fowler”.
Reducing Coupling
If changing one module in a program requires changing another module, then there is a coupling presents. Duplication always implies coupling. Coupling is desirable, because it saves us to write a big program to put together all the modules. It is a controlled process.
Look at dependencies
To consider coupling everywhere is not a good approach.
Pattern of dependency relationship is important not the number of modules. Diagram defined in the Unified Modeling Language (UML) is very helpful to know about the dependencies.
The UI module usually depends on the domain module, but not the other way around. UML dependencies are also nontransitive. This nontransitivity is important because it lets us show that the domain model insulates the UI from changes in the database. Thus, if the database’s interface changes,we don’t immediately have to worry about a change in the UI. The UI will only change if the change in the database causes a big enough change in the domain that the domain’s interface also changes.
Layered architecture should be familiar to anyone who works in information systems.
A common piece of advice regarding dependency structures is to avoid cycles. Cycled systems are harder to understand because we have to go around the cycle many times.
A mapper package
A mapper is a package that provides insulation in both directions. The mapper package provides insulation in both directions, which lets the domain and database change independently of each other. Other kind of dependency is the relationship between an interface and its implementation. An implementation depends on its interface but not vice versa. Any caller of an interface depends only on the interface, even if a separate module implements it.
Defining an interface in a module that a separate module intends to implement is a fundamental way to break dependencies and reduce coupling.A common example in the Java world is a listener. Because listeners are classes, they are more explicit, which clarifies things. Direction of the dependencies and the way they flow is important not the lesser dependencies.
ENG301
ENG 3rd Assignment Solution
Question No.1Write an inquiry letter, as a business person to the regional manager of Lahore of Nokia Company, and ask him to provide you all information about their company’s rules and regulations for opening a new franchise.
To,
Question No.1Write an inquiry letter, as a business person to the regional manager of Lahore of Nokia Company, and ask him to provide you all information about their company’s rules and regulations for opening a new franchise.
To,
The Regional Manager,
Nokia Company,
Lahore.
18th November, 2009.
Subject: INFORMATION REGARDING TO OPEN NEW FRANCHISE.
Dear Sir,
I feel pleasure to hear from some reliable sources that you invited applications for new franchise setup in Punjab region.I belong to Bahawalpur city and also know the goodwill of Nokia Company in the market; therefore I want to take this opportunity to start new business relation with you.Kindly send me some basic information i.e. application form, building location, financial requirement, security deposit or so on.Along above also send me information regarding company’s rules and regulation i.e. what terms and condition are applicable, agreement rules or any other information which you consider helpful to me for the said purpose.I hope that you will cooperate with me in this regard and send above information as soon as possible.
Your prompt reply will be highly appreciated.
Kind regards,
Yours truly,
Question No.2Write a short note on necessary steps for preparing an effective business message.
The Process of Preparing Effective Business Message PLANNING STEPS FOR COMMUNICATION There are five planning steps: 1. Identify your purpose 2. Analyze your audience 3. Choose your ideas 4. Collect data to support your ideas 5. Organize your message 1. Identify your purpose : You must know why you should write and what should be written . The purpose may be sale , good will , request , inquiry or refusal etc. 2. Analyze your audience : It is better for the sender to understand the receiver. You should know his background , qualification , education , position , status in the company , desire , expectations , problems , circumstances and possible reactions to your request. Also he/she is superior , subordinate , laborer , professional or technical person , colleague , single or married , man or woman , young or old , new or long time customer . 3. Choose the ideas : It depends upon the type of message . Before working jot down the points to be covered in communication , and then bring them in order of importance and urgency 4. Collect data to support your ideas To explain facts and figures , visual aids may be utilized , augmenting the communication. 5. Organize ideas : Once the ideas have been jotted down , they should be properly arranged and organized . Failing to organize will fail the objectives of the message .
Tuesday, November 17, 2009
ENG301
ENG301 (Business Communication)
Fall 2009
Assignment # 1 Total Marks: 15
Question No.1 (5)
Which theory of communication do you prefer from three theories of communication present in your course and why?
Answer
Rhetorical theory is preferred to others because we can easily condition our message according to the feedback from the audience and its circular nature. Moreover, third set of theorists add more dimensions to our understanding of the communication process: communication is not linear, but circular; not just sending a message to be received, but producing a response; not static, but dynamic.
Rhetorical theorists provide an important addition to a communication model for business communicators
Many people in business get so much absorbed in the accuracy of their message and appropriateness of the situation that they forget the third crucial variable, producing the desired response form their audience. The importance of response in business communication is illustrated in the following figure—which incorporates the ideas of accuracy (from the collective theory) and situation (from the social environment theory).
Circular Model
Message
Message
Communicator Audience
Response
Response
In fact, perhaps the most important difference between business communication and other forms of communication is this circular quality: your business communication effectiveness depends on the result you achieve. How can you achieve the desired response? You will learn not only how to be more correct and accurate, and how to be more sensitive to the situation, but also how to identify your audience’s needs in order to become a better communicator.
Question No.2
(a)
Describe the traits of a good communicator. (5)
Answer
When you learn how to overcome more and more communication barriers, you become more and more successful as a business communicator. Think about the people you know. Which of them would you call successful communicators? What do these people have in common?
Most probably, the individual you list share fine traits.
Following are the traits of good communicators:
• Perception
• Precision
• Credibility
• Control
• Congeniality
Perception: They are able to predict how you will receive their message. They anticipate your reaction and shape the message accordingly. They read your response correctly and constantly adjust to correct any misunderstanding.
Precision: They create a ‘meeting of the minds’. When they finish expressing themselves, they share the same mental picture.
Credibility: They are believable. They have faith in the substance of their message. You trust their information and their intentions.
Control: They shape your response. Depending on their purpose, they can make you laugh or cry, calm down, change your mind or take action.
Congeniality: They maintain friendly, pleasant relations with you. Regardless of whether you agree with them. Good communicators command your respond and goodwill. You are willing to work with them again, despite their differences.
Effective communication overcomes the main barriers to communication by creating their message carefully, minimizing noise in the transmission process and facilitating feedback.
(b)
What is the role of proximity and artifacts in non verbal communication? (5)
Answer
Proximity means nearness, in terms of physical space. How people use their personal space and that of others to communicate a message. Proximity is communicated, for instance, through the use of space, distance, touching, eye contact, gestures, and body position.
This response to spatial relationships in formal, informal and intimate settings indicates how that person perceives and feels in that space. Space in nonverbal communication may be divided into four main categories: intimate, social, personal, and public space.(Scott Mclean, 1969) People also use their height and weight to convey a message. If you tower over other people in a way that intrudes on their personal space you may cause their discomfort and withdrawal.
Personal space varies according to:
Gender
Status
Roles
Culture
Research has shown that Australians speaking to acquaintances or work colleagues leave about an arm’s length of space between themselves and the other person. People speaking to friends and family leave about half an arm or an elbow’s length between themselves and others. People in intimate relationships allow direct and close contact when speaking to each other. The use of space reflects the way people feel about others. Americans keep a distance of 18 inch from other person during a formal during a formal conversation.
Artifacts
Artifacts are objects used to convey nonverbal messages about self-concept, image, mood, feeling or style. For example, perfume, clothes, lipstick, glasses and hairpieces project the style or mood of the wearer. Many artifacts are common to the group but we also use artifacts, particularly clothing, as an individual form of communication.
Appearance and cloth are important and highly visible parts of nonverbal communication. Consider the difference between the clothes you wear at home to the beach and the clothes you wear to a job interview. The choice of clothes reflects your mood and your attitude to the occasion. Other people note and place their own interpretation on your dress.
Even if you decide you will not bother about personal appearance or clothes, others will read this message as part of your nonverbal communication.
Fall 2009
Assignment # 1 Total Marks: 15
Question No.1 (5)
Which theory of communication do you prefer from three theories of communication present in your course and why?
Answer
Rhetorical theory is preferred to others because we can easily condition our message according to the feedback from the audience and its circular nature. Moreover, third set of theorists add more dimensions to our understanding of the communication process: communication is not linear, but circular; not just sending a message to be received, but producing a response; not static, but dynamic.
Rhetorical theorists provide an important addition to a communication model for business communicators
Many people in business get so much absorbed in the accuracy of their message and appropriateness of the situation that they forget the third crucial variable, producing the desired response form their audience. The importance of response in business communication is illustrated in the following figure—which incorporates the ideas of accuracy (from the collective theory) and situation (from the social environment theory).
Circular Model
Message
Message
Communicator Audience
Response
Response
In fact, perhaps the most important difference between business communication and other forms of communication is this circular quality: your business communication effectiveness depends on the result you achieve. How can you achieve the desired response? You will learn not only how to be more correct and accurate, and how to be more sensitive to the situation, but also how to identify your audience’s needs in order to become a better communicator.
Question No.2
(a)
Describe the traits of a good communicator. (5)
Answer
When you learn how to overcome more and more communication barriers, you become more and more successful as a business communicator. Think about the people you know. Which of them would you call successful communicators? What do these people have in common?
Most probably, the individual you list share fine traits.
Following are the traits of good communicators:
• Perception
• Precision
• Credibility
• Control
• Congeniality
Perception: They are able to predict how you will receive their message. They anticipate your reaction and shape the message accordingly. They read your response correctly and constantly adjust to correct any misunderstanding.
Precision: They create a ‘meeting of the minds’. When they finish expressing themselves, they share the same mental picture.
Credibility: They are believable. They have faith in the substance of their message. You trust their information and their intentions.
Control: They shape your response. Depending on their purpose, they can make you laugh or cry, calm down, change your mind or take action.
Congeniality: They maintain friendly, pleasant relations with you. Regardless of whether you agree with them. Good communicators command your respond and goodwill. You are willing to work with them again, despite their differences.
Effective communication overcomes the main barriers to communication by creating their message carefully, minimizing noise in the transmission process and facilitating feedback.
(b)
What is the role of proximity and artifacts in non verbal communication? (5)
Answer
Proximity means nearness, in terms of physical space. How people use their personal space and that of others to communicate a message. Proximity is communicated, for instance, through the use of space, distance, touching, eye contact, gestures, and body position.
This response to spatial relationships in formal, informal and intimate settings indicates how that person perceives and feels in that space. Space in nonverbal communication may be divided into four main categories: intimate, social, personal, and public space.(Scott Mclean, 1969) People also use their height and weight to convey a message. If you tower over other people in a way that intrudes on their personal space you may cause their discomfort and withdrawal.
Personal space varies according to:
Gender
Status
Roles
Culture
Research has shown that Australians speaking to acquaintances or work colleagues leave about an arm’s length of space between themselves and the other person. People speaking to friends and family leave about half an arm or an elbow’s length between themselves and others. People in intimate relationships allow direct and close contact when speaking to each other. The use of space reflects the way people feel about others. Americans keep a distance of 18 inch from other person during a formal during a formal conversation.
Artifacts
Artifacts are objects used to convey nonverbal messages about self-concept, image, mood, feeling or style. For example, perfume, clothes, lipstick, glasses and hairpieces project the style or mood of the wearer. Many artifacts are common to the group but we also use artifacts, particularly clothing, as an individual form of communication.
Appearance and cloth are important and highly visible parts of nonverbal communication. Consider the difference between the clothes you wear at home to the beach and the clothes you wear to a job interview. The choice of clothes reflects your mood and your attitude to the occasion. Other people note and place their own interpretation on your dress.
Even if you decide you will not bother about personal appearance or clothes, others will read this message as part of your nonverbal communication.
MGT411
Assignment 1
Fall 2009
Money and Banking (MGT411)
Last Date of Submission: November 10, 2009
Marks: 20
· Make sure that you upload the solution file before due date. No assignment
will be accepted through e-mail after the due date.
Formatting guidelines
· Use the font style “Times New Roman” and font size “12”.
· Compose your document in MS-Word 2003 or MS Excel l 2003. Any file
created in any other version will not be accepted and marked zero.
· Use black and blue font colors only.
Solution guidelines
· The student will work individually and has to write in the form of an
analytical assignment.
· Give the answer according to question. Formula should be provided along
with the solution.
Please note that your assignment will not be graded if:
· It is submitted after due date
· The file you uploaded does not open
· The file you uploaded is copied from some one else
· It is in some format other than .doc or exl.
· Cheating or copying of assignment is strictly prohibited. The cheated or
copied assignment will be marked as Zero.
Question #1 (Marks 6)
According to the data given below, calculate the GDP deflator and inflation rate.
Years Nominal GDP Real GDP GDP deflator Inflation rate
1997 Rs. 60,000 Rs. 60,000
1998 70,100 65,200
1999 81,200 74,600
Solution:
GDP Deflator = Nominal GDP/Real GDP * 100
Inflation Rate = CPIn – CPI0 / CPI0 * 100
In this question we will use GDP deflator instead of CPI.
Years Nominal GDP Real GDP GDP deflator Inflation rate
1997 Rs. 60,000 Rs. 60,000 100 n.a
1998 70,100 65,200 107.52 7.52
1999 81,200 74,600 108.85 1.23
Question #2 (Marks 4)
Determine the future value of an investment of Rs. 100 for 12 months at the following
interest rates:
a- 5%
b- 1%
Solution:
The FV of an investment of $100 at 5% interest rate in 12 months will be
FV = PV (1+i) n
= $100 (1+ 0.05)1
= $105
Similarly, at 1% interest rate, the FV of $100 in 12 months will be
FV = PV (1+i) n
= $100 (1+ 0.01)1
=$100 (1.01) 1
= $101
Question # 3 (Marks 10)
Assume that the economy can experience high growth, normal growth, or recession. You
expect the following stock-market returns for the coming year under these conditions:
State of the Economy Probability Return
High Growth 0.3 +30%
Normal Growth 0.4 +12%
Recession 0.2 -15%
a. Compute the expected value of a Rs. 1000 investment both in Rupees and as a
percentage over the coming year.
b. Compute the standard deviation of the return as a percentage over the coming
year.
c. If the risk-free return is 7 percent, what is the risk premium for a stock market
investment?
Solution:
a. Expected Value
= 0.3($1000)(1+30%) + 0.4($1000)(1+12%) +
0.2($1000)(1-15%)
= Rs. 390 + 448 + 170
= Rs. 1008
Expected Return
= 0.3(30%) + 0.4(12%) + 0.2(-15%)
= 10.8%
b. Standard Deviation =
% 64 . 15 %) 8 . 10 % 15 ( 2 . 0 %) 8 . 10 % 12 ( 4 . 0 %) 8 . 10 % 30 ( 3 . 0 2 2 2 = - - + - + -
c. Risk Premium
= 10.8% - 7%
= 3.8%
Fall 2009
Money and Banking (MGT411)
Last Date of Submission: November 10, 2009
Marks: 20
· Make sure that you upload the solution file before due date. No assignment
will be accepted through e-mail after the due date.
Formatting guidelines
· Use the font style “Times New Roman” and font size “12”.
· Compose your document in MS-Word 2003 or MS Excel l 2003. Any file
created in any other version will not be accepted and marked zero.
· Use black and blue font colors only.
Solution guidelines
· The student will work individually and has to write in the form of an
analytical assignment.
· Give the answer according to question. Formula should be provided along
with the solution.
Please note that your assignment will not be graded if:
· It is submitted after due date
· The file you uploaded does not open
· The file you uploaded is copied from some one else
· It is in some format other than .doc or exl.
· Cheating or copying of assignment is strictly prohibited. The cheated or
copied assignment will be marked as Zero.
Question #1 (Marks 6)
According to the data given below, calculate the GDP deflator and inflation rate.
Years Nominal GDP Real GDP GDP deflator Inflation rate
1997 Rs. 60,000 Rs. 60,000
1998 70,100 65,200
1999 81,200 74,600
Solution:
GDP Deflator = Nominal GDP/Real GDP * 100
Inflation Rate = CPIn – CPI0 / CPI0 * 100
In this question we will use GDP deflator instead of CPI.
Years Nominal GDP Real GDP GDP deflator Inflation rate
1997 Rs. 60,000 Rs. 60,000 100 n.a
1998 70,100 65,200 107.52 7.52
1999 81,200 74,600 108.85 1.23
Question #2 (Marks 4)
Determine the future value of an investment of Rs. 100 for 12 months at the following
interest rates:
a- 5%
b- 1%
Solution:
The FV of an investment of $100 at 5% interest rate in 12 months will be
FV = PV (1+i) n
= $100 (1+ 0.05)1
= $105
Similarly, at 1% interest rate, the FV of $100 in 12 months will be
FV = PV (1+i) n
= $100 (1+ 0.01)1
=$100 (1.01) 1
= $101
Question # 3 (Marks 10)
Assume that the economy can experience high growth, normal growth, or recession. You
expect the following stock-market returns for the coming year under these conditions:
State of the Economy Probability Return
High Growth 0.3 +30%
Normal Growth 0.4 +12%
Recession 0.2 -15%
a. Compute the expected value of a Rs. 1000 investment both in Rupees and as a
percentage over the coming year.
b. Compute the standard deviation of the return as a percentage over the coming
year.
c. If the risk-free return is 7 percent, what is the risk premium for a stock market
investment?
Solution:
a. Expected Value
= 0.3($1000)(1+30%) + 0.4($1000)(1+12%) +
0.2($1000)(1-15%)
= Rs. 390 + 448 + 170
= Rs. 1008
Expected Return
= 0.3(30%) + 0.4(12%) + 0.2(-15%)
= 10.8%
b. Standard Deviation =
% 64 . 15 %) 8 . 10 % 15 ( 2 . 0 %) 8 . 10 % 12 ( 4 . 0 %) 8 . 10 % 30 ( 3 . 0 2 2 2 = - - + - + -
c. Risk Premium
= 10.8% - 7%
= 3.8%
MGT411 GDB
Mr. A purchased some grocery items from a departmental store. At the time of payment, he offered his credit card to the seller. The seller allowed Mr. A to leave with the goods. Why? Has Mr. A made the final payment?
Answer:
Its right Mr. A paid the final payments through credit card, which payment paid by the bank on the behalf of Mr. A and Mr. A paid the bill to by bank through cash
MGT301 GDB
Sooper
Background
English Biscuits Manufacturers (EBM), established in 1965, is one of the important parts of Pakistan’s food industry and is considered to be the leader in the biscuits category. Ever since its establishment, it has introduced many biscuit brands such as Marie, Nice, Ringo and Smile getting extremely popular with the masses and became the important part of every household's Shaam ki chai. Keeping a keen eye on the market changes, EBM identified the need to develop sweet plain biscuit. Based on this insight, EBM introduced Sooper in 1996.
Initially Sooper was positioned to create the desire for bakery related products but it didn’t work. Sooper failed in terms of sales volume. In 2003, EBM decided to re-launch its struggling brand in a new color. They chose red color as opposed to the initially white colored packaging to give it a more vibrant and bright image. The first advertising communication after the re-launch focused on the taste of the product. If you can recall it was the humorous conversation between a mother and daughter with a play on the word “super”.
Questions:
1. Write down any substitute of Sooper?
2. Seeing various ads \ TVCs (TV commercials) of Sooper, what do you think is the target market of Sooper?
Answer 1 : The substitute of scooper biscuits is bakery biscuits.
Answer 2: The target market of sooper biscuits is young mail & female.
ECO401 GDB
A)
Government should take given are some appropriate actions:
Government should buy the whole amount of wheat and place it at some safe place.
If not then government should make a tax free zone for the farmers and give hem some necessary facilities like approach to the market, conveyance and road facilities, and government should decrease the prices of insect killing medicines & fertilizers.
1) Government should provide the inputs to the formers at subsidies prices.
2) Should provide the insurance on wheat crop.
3) Set the reasonable support price.
B)
Elastic demand of coffee because it will be affected by fluctuations in prices.
Elasticity of demand is the percentage change in quantity demanded with respect to the percentage change in price. PEd = % change in quantity demanded / % change in price
Government should take given are some appropriate actions:
Government should buy the whole amount of wheat and place it at some safe place.
If not then government should make a tax free zone for the farmers and give hem some necessary facilities like approach to the market, conveyance and road facilities, and government should decrease the prices of insect killing medicines & fertilizers.
1) Government should provide the inputs to the formers at subsidies prices.
2) Should provide the insurance on wheat crop.
3) Set the reasonable support price.
B)
Elastic demand of coffee because it will be affected by fluctuations in prices.
Elasticity of demand is the percentage change in quantity demanded with respect to the percentage change in price. PEd = % change in quantity demanded / % change in price
MGT602
Entrepreneurship (MGT602)
Assignment # 1
Fall 2009
Question
Discuss any ‘Business Plan’ in which clearly mentions you’re unique
Business idea with the Cost effectiveness and also explain which location
Would be suitable for this business startup your business plan should base on solid inferences & research, any table or graphical presentation will be encouraged.
BUSINESS PLAN
Business Owner: Muhammad Uzair Business Name: Pizza Express Address: The Pizza Express 25 North Nazimabad Karachi Pakistan Telephone no: +923434114604 Fax: +092-75414587 Email: uzair777@gmail.com Registration no: Pak/Karachi/021-Pizza Express-2007 Web Site: http://uzair777.blogspot.com
1. Executive Summery
Pizza Express is a new player in the restaurant industry. The restaurant is in a comfortable, familiar, small town that has a strong need for additional dining options. Bolstered by the need for more choices in family-oriented dining experiences, combined with the option for home-delivery, the restaurant is positioned to take advantage of the market need and serve the families in the Karachi.
This business plan calls for an exciting, profitable start-up year ahead with future forecasted growth as we meet the demands of the community. In all, this plan describes a healthy company with good growth prospects, looking to manage its orderly growth in the near future.
Highlights
Objectives
The objectives for Pizza Express are:
ü To establish the market presence needed to support marketing and sales goals and to attract customers.
ü To reach 400,000 monthly sales by the end of 2008, 500,000 average monthly sales by the end of 2009.
ü To achieve profit margins over 35%.
ü To develop top-rated relationships with 2-4 well-respected, all encompassing distributors.
Mission
Pizza Express creates a friendly and pleasant atmosphere for customers in a well-designed and productive environment in which people can work happily. We are sensitive to the look and taste of good pizza as well as to high-quality ingredients. We look to provide the best possible value to our customers who desire great tasting pizza and to provide customers with the satisfaction of receiving a great value, both tangibly and intangibly. Additionally, we are the first home-deliverer of pizzas in our area.
Keys to Success
The keys to success in this business are:
ü Delivering the customer value proposition.
ü Marketing: promoting a new company, product, and delivery channels to a rural community.
ü Product quality and consistency.
ü Pricing effectively with respect to the project quality and customer value proposition.
ü Family-oriented atmosphere with occasional nights of family entertainment.
ü Management: products delivered on time, costs controlled, marketing budgets managed. There is a temptation to fixate on growth at the expense of profits.
ü Reporting and controls in place for inventory and financials.
3. Company Summery
Pizza Express is a privately-owned pizza restaurant offering a product menu that does not currently exist in the area and first to offer home delivery. Our customers are many of the young families and students in the area.
Company Ownership
Pizza Express will be established Muhammad Uzair
Startup Summery
Our start-up costs come to approximately 1000,000, which is mostly renovation of the occupied store space, professional fees, and expenses associated with opening our first location. The start-up costs are to be financed by direct owner investment, financial institutions. The assumptions are shown in the following table and illustration.
Start-up
4. Management Summery
We are a small company owned and operated by Muhammad Uzair
Pizza Express are compromised of a team of dedicated and committed professionals, experts in their respective careers, striving to deliver the most compelling combination of products and services to its value driven clients.This is the basic reason why Pizza Express at its infant stage outperformed the food service/hospitality industry averages due to its controlled strategies.The brains behind this company possess rich, sizeable and unmatched experience of working in the hospitality market locally. Our team leaders are masters of this trait and have made a mark in the market, and are always at the forefront of new developments in this industry, with plans of pioneering and implementing several new innovations. Future endeavors include expanding operations on a global scale, for which this team of highly trained professionals has derived a forward-looking strategy – with the aim to compete in the national market and continuously improve on customer value.
Personal Plan
The personnel table assumes a level need of employees, and 5% per annum pay raises. Staffing for a 7-day a week restaurant necessitates two shifts. In addition to the hours open for serving we anticipate an additional hour before opening for prep and as much as an hour after closing for cleanup. This is approximately 8 hours of staffing necessary Sunday - Thursday and 10 hours on both Friday and Saturday.
5. Market Analysis Summery
Our primary target market is people who desire a comfortable, family-oriented environment for dine-in pizza. Our secondary target market also desires a delivery service for pizza, or a take-out approach. There is overlap of these segments.
According to a Growth Plan the Karachi conducted in 2008, population within city is expected to increase. However, the number of persons per household is expected to increase, meaning the need for additional housing in Karachi will continue to grow. From the same plan, population is listed as being evenly distributed by age groupings, with approximately 33% of the population being minors. Another 40% are less than 54 years of age, indicating a major concentration of the Karachi population being families. The report forecasts there being nearly 500000 households in the Karachi by 2008. This is driving the need for more quality, family-oriented restaurants..
With the expected continued growth in the area, estimated at 7% annually, opportunities to serve the Karachi and its surrounding communities will increase. The company will sell predominantly to individuals, but it will also accept some catering jobs to individual parties, schools, and company functions in the Karachi.
Market Segmentation
Those residents of neighboring communities of North Nazimabad, (Gulshan, Clifton & Tariq Road) including are included in the Market Segmentation. Only those residents of Karachi are included in the delivery, as delivery radius is limited to a 15-mile radius in the Karachi.
Target Market segment StrategyIncluding North Nazimabad, and its surrounding areas, no pizza establishments exist. In the City of Karachi one to two restaurants serve pizza, but not as a primary menu item these pizza outlets are in taverns which are not conducive to family-type atmosphere. No eating establishments in the North Nazimabad, area provide home-delivery service.
6. Financial Plan
The financial picture is quite encouraging. We will be slow to take on debt and heavily investing our own assets, but with our increase in sales we do expect to apply for a credit line with the bank, to a limit of 250,000. The credit line is supported by assets.
Important Assumptions
The financial plan depends on important assumptions. The key underlying assumptions are:
We assume a fairly high-growth economy for pizza in the North Nazimabad area, given the lack of competition and interest in having a pizza restaurant available in the area and pent-up demand.
We assume, of course, that there are no unforeseen changes in technology to make our products immediately obsolete.
We assume access to equity capital and financing sufficient to maintain our financial plan.
Break-Even Analysis
Our break-even analysis is based on running costs, the "burn-rate" costs we incur to keep the business running, not on theoretical fixed costs that would be relevant only if we were closing. The essential insight here is that our sales level seems to be running comfortably above break-even.
7. Web Plan Summery
The Pizza Express website will be the virtual business card and portfolio for the company, as well as its online "home." It will showcase the history, product information, and offers for Pizza Express. Special online-only offers will be made available on the website, along with customer's opportunity to sign-up for email news and offers.
The Pizza Express website needs to be a simple yet classy and well designed website that, at the same time, is in keeping with the latest trends in user interface design. Customers will be coming to the site for product information, history, and offers. Future elements of the site can contain online ordering, if customers express an interest in this functionality.
Website Marketing Strategy
Our Internet marketing activities will be focused on product information and offers. Future opportunities exist in offering online ordering.
8. Strategy and Implementation Summery
Our strategy is based on delivering a strong customer value proposition in a niche market. The world is full of small, family-oriented towns that do not have endless opportunities for dining out. We are looking to offer the Karachi and its surrounding areas a new choice in food options. Also:
ü We are building our marketing infrastructure so that we can eventually reach additional Area with the same offering.
ü We focus on satisfying the needs of all area.
Competitive Edge
Our competitive edge is to be first-to-the-market with pizza in a friendly, non-smoking, family-oriented dine-in experience, and first-to-the-area with food delivery.
Additionally, the location of Pizza Express is crucial as a convenience model to customers. This location is directly in the center of activity in this North Nazimabad community--it is within walking distance of the middle and high schools, the local Mosque, and within 2 miles of the existing large subdivisions and apartment complexes in the area.
Marketing Strategy
To drive customers to Pizza Express, we will employ several techniques.
As part of the advertising, a coupon will be available to customers. Intermittent newspaper advertisements will continue throughout the year to promote upcoming events. Most initiatives will focus on the local city papers as the target of these papers is specifically the Karachi residents. Additional marketing efforts will come in the form of on-box coupons for future purchases.
Additionally, family-oriented events will be hosted by Pizza Express to attract customers such as birthday parties, and prize giveaways. Frequent buyer cards will be employed to entice repeat customers.
9. Services
Pizza Express offers high quality pizza to a growing community that currently has limited availability of restaurants and no availability to delivery. At start up we will be open for dinner 1 p.m. to 12 p.m. Sunday - Thursday and 3 p.m. to 11 p.m. Friday and Saturday. We will consider opening earlier and serving lunch if there is a demand, and if forecast and financial analysis can justify the increased costs.
Our menu will include 4 sizes of pizzas with various combinations of toppings. Predefined, high-margin pizzas will be highlighted on the menu. Additionally, breadsticks, beer, and soda will be included in the initial menu offerings. In addition to the outlets and mobile unit, a home delivery service system is also in place with a dedicated service system is also in place with a dedicated fleet of riders that expand the service scope to a much larger area of Karachi.
Assignment # 1
Fall 2009
Question
Discuss any ‘Business Plan’ in which clearly mentions you’re unique
Business idea with the Cost effectiveness and also explain which location
Would be suitable for this business startup your business plan should base on solid inferences & research, any table or graphical presentation will be encouraged.
BUSINESS PLAN
Business Owner: Muhammad Uzair Business Name: Pizza Express Address: The Pizza Express 25 North Nazimabad Karachi Pakistan Telephone no: +923434114604 Fax: +092-75414587 Email: uzair777@gmail.com Registration no: Pak/Karachi/021-Pizza Express-2007 Web Site: http://uzair777.blogspot.com
1. Executive Summery
Pizza Express is a new player in the restaurant industry. The restaurant is in a comfortable, familiar, small town that has a strong need for additional dining options. Bolstered by the need for more choices in family-oriented dining experiences, combined with the option for home-delivery, the restaurant is positioned to take advantage of the market need and serve the families in the Karachi.
This business plan calls for an exciting, profitable start-up year ahead with future forecasted growth as we meet the demands of the community. In all, this plan describes a healthy company with good growth prospects, looking to manage its orderly growth in the near future.
Highlights
Objectives
The objectives for Pizza Express are:
ü To establish the market presence needed to support marketing and sales goals and to attract customers.
ü To reach 400,000 monthly sales by the end of 2008, 500,000 average monthly sales by the end of 2009.
ü To achieve profit margins over 35%.
ü To develop top-rated relationships with 2-4 well-respected, all encompassing distributors.
Mission
Pizza Express creates a friendly and pleasant atmosphere for customers in a well-designed and productive environment in which people can work happily. We are sensitive to the look and taste of good pizza as well as to high-quality ingredients. We look to provide the best possible value to our customers who desire great tasting pizza and to provide customers with the satisfaction of receiving a great value, both tangibly and intangibly. Additionally, we are the first home-deliverer of pizzas in our area.
Keys to Success
The keys to success in this business are:
ü Delivering the customer value proposition.
ü Marketing: promoting a new company, product, and delivery channels to a rural community.
ü Product quality and consistency.
ü Pricing effectively with respect to the project quality and customer value proposition.
ü Family-oriented atmosphere with occasional nights of family entertainment.
ü Management: products delivered on time, costs controlled, marketing budgets managed. There is a temptation to fixate on growth at the expense of profits.
ü Reporting and controls in place for inventory and financials.
3. Company Summery
Pizza Express is a privately-owned pizza restaurant offering a product menu that does not currently exist in the area and first to offer home delivery. Our customers are many of the young families and students in the area.
Company Ownership
Pizza Express will be established Muhammad Uzair
Startup Summery
Our start-up costs come to approximately 1000,000, which is mostly renovation of the occupied store space, professional fees, and expenses associated with opening our first location. The start-up costs are to be financed by direct owner investment, financial institutions. The assumptions are shown in the following table and illustration.
Start-up
4. Management Summery
We are a small company owned and operated by Muhammad Uzair
Pizza Express are compromised of a team of dedicated and committed professionals, experts in their respective careers, striving to deliver the most compelling combination of products and services to its value driven clients.This is the basic reason why Pizza Express at its infant stage outperformed the food service/hospitality industry averages due to its controlled strategies.The brains behind this company possess rich, sizeable and unmatched experience of working in the hospitality market locally. Our team leaders are masters of this trait and have made a mark in the market, and are always at the forefront of new developments in this industry, with plans of pioneering and implementing several new innovations. Future endeavors include expanding operations on a global scale, for which this team of highly trained professionals has derived a forward-looking strategy – with the aim to compete in the national market and continuously improve on customer value.
Personal Plan
The personnel table assumes a level need of employees, and 5% per annum pay raises. Staffing for a 7-day a week restaurant necessitates two shifts. In addition to the hours open for serving we anticipate an additional hour before opening for prep and as much as an hour after closing for cleanup. This is approximately 8 hours of staffing necessary Sunday - Thursday and 10 hours on both Friday and Saturday.
5. Market Analysis Summery
Our primary target market is people who desire a comfortable, family-oriented environment for dine-in pizza. Our secondary target market also desires a delivery service for pizza, or a take-out approach. There is overlap of these segments.
According to a Growth Plan the Karachi conducted in 2008, population within city is expected to increase. However, the number of persons per household is expected to increase, meaning the need for additional housing in Karachi will continue to grow. From the same plan, population is listed as being evenly distributed by age groupings, with approximately 33% of the population being minors. Another 40% are less than 54 years of age, indicating a major concentration of the Karachi population being families. The report forecasts there being nearly 500000 households in the Karachi by 2008. This is driving the need for more quality, family-oriented restaurants..
With the expected continued growth in the area, estimated at 7% annually, opportunities to serve the Karachi and its surrounding communities will increase. The company will sell predominantly to individuals, but it will also accept some catering jobs to individual parties, schools, and company functions in the Karachi.
Market Segmentation
Those residents of neighboring communities of North Nazimabad, (Gulshan, Clifton & Tariq Road) including are included in the Market Segmentation. Only those residents of Karachi are included in the delivery, as delivery radius is limited to a 15-mile radius in the Karachi.
Target Market segment StrategyIncluding North Nazimabad, and its surrounding areas, no pizza establishments exist. In the City of Karachi one to two restaurants serve pizza, but not as a primary menu item these pizza outlets are in taverns which are not conducive to family-type atmosphere. No eating establishments in the North Nazimabad, area provide home-delivery service.
6. Financial Plan
The financial picture is quite encouraging. We will be slow to take on debt and heavily investing our own assets, but with our increase in sales we do expect to apply for a credit line with the bank, to a limit of 250,000. The credit line is supported by assets.
Important Assumptions
The financial plan depends on important assumptions. The key underlying assumptions are:
We assume a fairly high-growth economy for pizza in the North Nazimabad area, given the lack of competition and interest in having a pizza restaurant available in the area and pent-up demand.
We assume, of course, that there are no unforeseen changes in technology to make our products immediately obsolete.
We assume access to equity capital and financing sufficient to maintain our financial plan.
Break-Even Analysis
Our break-even analysis is based on running costs, the "burn-rate" costs we incur to keep the business running, not on theoretical fixed costs that would be relevant only if we were closing. The essential insight here is that our sales level seems to be running comfortably above break-even.
7. Web Plan Summery
The Pizza Express website will be the virtual business card and portfolio for the company, as well as its online "home." It will showcase the history, product information, and offers for Pizza Express. Special online-only offers will be made available on the website, along with customer's opportunity to sign-up for email news and offers.
The Pizza Express website needs to be a simple yet classy and well designed website that, at the same time, is in keeping with the latest trends in user interface design. Customers will be coming to the site for product information, history, and offers. Future elements of the site can contain online ordering, if customers express an interest in this functionality.
Website Marketing Strategy
Our Internet marketing activities will be focused on product information and offers. Future opportunities exist in offering online ordering.
8. Strategy and Implementation Summery
Our strategy is based on delivering a strong customer value proposition in a niche market. The world is full of small, family-oriented towns that do not have endless opportunities for dining out. We are looking to offer the Karachi and its surrounding areas a new choice in food options. Also:
ü We are building our marketing infrastructure so that we can eventually reach additional Area with the same offering.
ü We focus on satisfying the needs of all area.
Competitive Edge
Our competitive edge is to be first-to-the-market with pizza in a friendly, non-smoking, family-oriented dine-in experience, and first-to-the-area with food delivery.
Additionally, the location of Pizza Express is crucial as a convenience model to customers. This location is directly in the center of activity in this North Nazimabad community--it is within walking distance of the middle and high schools, the local Mosque, and within 2 miles of the existing large subdivisions and apartment complexes in the area.
Marketing Strategy
To drive customers to Pizza Express, we will employ several techniques.
As part of the advertising, a coupon will be available to customers. Intermittent newspaper advertisements will continue throughout the year to promote upcoming events. Most initiatives will focus on the local city papers as the target of these papers is specifically the Karachi residents. Additional marketing efforts will come in the form of on-box coupons for future purchases.
Additionally, family-oriented events will be hosted by Pizza Express to attract customers such as birthday parties, and prize giveaways. Frequent buyer cards will be employed to entice repeat customers.
9. Services
Pizza Express offers high quality pizza to a growing community that currently has limited availability of restaurants and no availability to delivery. At start up we will be open for dinner 1 p.m. to 12 p.m. Sunday - Thursday and 3 p.m. to 11 p.m. Friday and Saturday. We will consider opening earlier and serving lunch if there is a demand, and if forecast and financial analysis can justify the increased costs.
Our menu will include 4 sizes of pizzas with various combinations of toppings. Predefined, high-margin pizzas will be highlighted on the menu. Additionally, breadsticks, beer, and soda will be included in the initial menu offerings. In addition to the outlets and mobile unit, a home delivery service system is also in place with a dedicated service system is also in place with a dedicated fleet of riders that expand the service scope to a much larger area of Karachi.
STA630 GDB
Scenario # 1Question No: 1 whether it is an applied or basic research?
Answer: It is an Applied Research.Question No: 2 whether it is a descriptive, exploratory or explanatory research?Answer: Yes, It is a descriptive Research.Scenario # 2Question No: 1 Identify the variables in the above Scenario?Answer: Moderating Variable.
Answer: It is an Applied Research.Question No: 2 whether it is a descriptive, exploratory or explanatory research?Answer: Yes, It is a descriptive Research.Scenario # 2Question No: 1 Identify the variables in the above Scenario?Answer: Moderating Variable.
MKT501 GDB
In the First scenario, The Marketing Philosophy "Production Concept" is used in it.In the 2nd scenario, The Marketing Philosophy "Socital Concept" is used in it.
MGT503 GDB
Question 1: Identify the role which Mr. A is playing.Ans. Mr. A is playing Decisional Role(Negotiator)Question 2: Mr. A is the manager of which level?Ans. Mr. A is the middle level manger.Question 3: What type of skill Mr. A should posses to motivate his subordinates?Mr. A should posses human skill to motivate his subordinates.
MGT201 GDB
Solution of Financial Management GDB MGT201: Proposal 1:
NPV = -IO + Summation CFt/(1+i)^t
Putting the values in NPV formula:
-IO = -5,000CFt = cash inflows for 1st, 2nd,3rd and 4th years are 2000, 3000, 4000 and 3000 respectively.i = 10%t = 4
Putting the values in the above formula:
NPV = -5000 + [2000/(1+0.1) + 3000/(1+0.1)^2 + 4000/(1+0.1)^3 + 3000/(1+0.1)^4]
NPV = +4351 Rs.
Proposal 2:
(1) XYZ Corporation:
-IO = -3000CFt = 1000 for 4 yearsi = 10%t = 4
Putting the values in NPV formula:
NPV1 = -3000 + [1000/(1+0.1) + 1000/(1+0.1)^2 + 1000/(1+0.1)^3 + 1000/(1+0.1)^4]
NPV1 = 169 Rs.
(2) ABC Corporation:
-IO = -2000CFt = 2000 for 4 yearsi = 10%t = 4
NPV2 = -2000 + [2000/(1+0.1) + 2000/(1+0.1)^2 + 2000/(1+0.1)^3 + 2000/(1+0.1)^4]
NPV2 = 4340 Rs.
By adding NPV1 and NPV2, we'll get
NPV = NPV1 + NPV2 = 169 +NPV = +4509 Rs.
Since, NPV of proposal 2 is higher than proposal 1, so proposal 2 should be preferred.
IT430
Question No. 1: [2 Marks]
At which layer lost packets are traced?
Answer:
Session layer
The Session Layer provides the mechanism for opening, closing and managing a session between end-user application processes. Communication sessions consist of requests and responses that occur between applications, The Session Layer of the OSI model is responsible for session check pointing and recovery. In the recovery process the lost packets are traced and retransmitted.
Question No. 3:
Write down three benefits of switching to IP Version 6. [3 Marks]
Answer:
1) Large address space.
2) Improved security
3) Better routing.
4) New header format
5) Efficient and hierarchical addressing and routing infrastructure
6) Stateless and state-full address configuration
7) Built-in security
8) Better support for quality of service (QoS)
Question No. 2: [5 Marks]
You have four computers and a switch, you want to make a network of these computers using switch, which networking topology you will use?
Answer:
Star Topology
Star networks are one of the most common computer network topologies. In its simplest form, a star network consists of one central switch, hub or computer, which acts as a conduit to transmit messages/data. The star topology reduces the chance of network failure by connecting all of the systems to a central switch. So star topology is most suitable for the given scenario
At which layer lost packets are traced?
Answer:
Session layer
The Session Layer provides the mechanism for opening, closing and managing a session between end-user application processes. Communication sessions consist of requests and responses that occur between applications, The Session Layer of the OSI model is responsible for session check pointing and recovery. In the recovery process the lost packets are traced and retransmitted.
Question No. 3:
Write down three benefits of switching to IP Version 6. [3 Marks]
Answer:
1) Large address space.
2) Improved security
3) Better routing.
4) New header format
5) Efficient and hierarchical addressing and routing infrastructure
6) Stateless and state-full address configuration
7) Built-in security
8) Better support for quality of service (QoS)
Question No. 2: [5 Marks]
You have four computers and a switch, you want to make a network of these computers using switch, which networking topology you will use?
Answer:
Star Topology
Star networks are one of the most common computer network topologies. In its simplest form, a star network consists of one central switch, hub or computer, which acts as a conduit to transmit messages/data. The star topology reduces the chance of network failure by connecting all of the systems to a central switch. So star topology is most suitable for the given scenario
FIN621 GDB
For your convenience, we are quoting here the best comments of one student:
No, net income doesn't show an amount in cash that the owner can withdraw from the business. By itself, the income statement is an inadequate measure of cash flow because it contains several common non-cash flow items. Non-cash items on an income statement are not derived from a cash flow. Net income represents the final net earnings result of the business on an accounting basis, not necessarily a cash basis. Therefore, net income statement does not reflect how much owner can withdraw from the business at any time.
While the best comments posted by another student are given below for your guidance:
No, the net income represents the income that relates to the intervening accounting period. It includes many items that are not purely cash based. For example all the sales might not be in the form of the cash. Like wise the depreciation is not a cash expense for the period.
Thus it’s not unusual that a company may show high profits in net income but may suffer shortage of cash in hand
No, net income doesn't show an amount in cash that the owner can withdraw from the business. By itself, the income statement is an inadequate measure of cash flow because it contains several common non-cash flow items. Non-cash items on an income statement are not derived from a cash flow. Net income represents the final net earnings result of the business on an accounting basis, not necessarily a cash basis. Therefore, net income statement does not reflect how much owner can withdraw from the business at any time.
While the best comments posted by another student are given below for your guidance:
No, the net income represents the income that relates to the intervening accounting period. It includes many items that are not purely cash based. For example all the sales might not be in the form of the cash. Like wise the depreciation is not a cash expense for the period.
Thus it’s not unusual that a company may show high profits in net income but may suffer shortage of cash in hand
FIN621
Answer:
Total Cash flows:
Total cash Flow: $
cash flow from operating 42,500
cash flow from investing 10,000
cash flow from financing 8,500
total cash flow 24,000
Operating cash flow:
Step 1:
Start with net income of $37,500
Step 2:
Subtract gain from sale of land of $10,000
Step 3:
Add back non-cash charges of depreciation of $7,000
Step 4:
Subtract increases in receivables and inventories and add increases of payables and
deferred taxes.
$
net income 37,500 57.500
gain from sale of land 10,000 -10000
depreciation 7,000 7000
sub total 34,500 54500
changes in operating accounts
increase in receivables 1,000 1,000
decrease in inventories 2,000 2,000
increase in accounts payables 4,000 4,000
decrease in wages payable 3,500 3,500
increase in interest payable 500 500
increase in taxes payable 1,000 1,000
increase in deferred taxes 5,000 5,000
62,500
cash flow from operations
Income tax paid 20000
Net cash flow from operations 42,500 42500
Investing cash flows:
In this question we have two components of investing cash flows;
a. The sale of land, and
b. The change in gross plant and equipment (P&E)
Cash from sale of land= decrease in asset + gain on sale
= 5,000 +10,000= $15,000 (source)
Beginning land + land purchased - gross cost of land sold
= ending land
= $40,000 + $0 – $5,000
= $ 35000
Note: If the land had been sold at loss, we would have subtracted the loss amount from
decrease in land.
P&E purchased = Ending gross P&E + gross cost of P&E sold – beginning gross P&E
= $85,000 + $0 – $60,000 = $25,000 (use)
Beginning gross P&E + P&E purchased – gross cost of P&E sold
= ending P&E
= $60,000 + $25,000-0
= $85,000
$
cash from sale of land 15,000
purchase of plant and
equipment 25,000
cash flow from investments ($10,000)
Financing cash flow:
Cash from bond issue = ending bonds payable + bonds repaid – beginning bonds payable
= 15,000+0-10,000 = $5,000 (source)
Beginning bonds payable + bonds issued – bonds repaid
= ending bonds payable
= 10,000+5,000-0
= 15,000
Cash to re-acquire stock = beginning common stock + stock issued – ending common
stock
=50,000+0-40,000
= $ 10,000(use or a net share repurchased of $ 10,000)
Beginning common stock + stock issued – stock re-acquired
= ending common stock
= $50,000+0-10,000
= $ 40,000
Cash dividends = - cash declared + increase in dividend payable
= - 8,500+5,000= $-3,500(use)
Beginning dividends payable+ dividend declared – dividend paid
= ending dividend payable
= 1,000+8,500-3,500
= $6,000
Note: if the dividend declared amount is not provided, you can calculate the amount as
follows: dividend declared = beginning retained earning + net income – ending retained
earnings. Here. $30,000 + $37,500 - $59,000= $ 8,500
Source will be added and use will be subtracted from the respective heads
$
sale of bonds 5,000
repurchase of stock 10,000
cash dividends 3,500
cash flow from financing 8,500
Total Cash flows:
Total cash Flow: $
cash flow from operating 42,500
cash flow from investing 10,000
cash flow from financing 8,500
total cash flow 24,000
Operating cash flow:
Step 1:
Start with net income of $37,500
Step 2:
Subtract gain from sale of land of $10,000
Step 3:
Add back non-cash charges of depreciation of $7,000
Step 4:
Subtract increases in receivables and inventories and add increases of payables and
deferred taxes.
$
net income 37,500 57.500
gain from sale of land 10,000 -10000
depreciation 7,000 7000
sub total 34,500 54500
changes in operating accounts
increase in receivables 1,000 1,000
decrease in inventories 2,000 2,000
increase in accounts payables 4,000 4,000
decrease in wages payable 3,500 3,500
increase in interest payable 500 500
increase in taxes payable 1,000 1,000
increase in deferred taxes 5,000 5,000
62,500
cash flow from operations
Income tax paid 20000
Net cash flow from operations 42,500 42500
Investing cash flows:
In this question we have two components of investing cash flows;
a. The sale of land, and
b. The change in gross plant and equipment (P&E)
Cash from sale of land= decrease in asset + gain on sale
= 5,000 +10,000= $15,000 (source)
Beginning land + land purchased - gross cost of land sold
= ending land
= $40,000 + $0 – $5,000
= $ 35000
Note: If the land had been sold at loss, we would have subtracted the loss amount from
decrease in land.
P&E purchased = Ending gross P&E + gross cost of P&E sold – beginning gross P&E
= $85,000 + $0 – $60,000 = $25,000 (use)
Beginning gross P&E + P&E purchased – gross cost of P&E sold
= ending P&E
= $60,000 + $25,000-0
= $85,000
$
cash from sale of land 15,000
purchase of plant and
equipment 25,000
cash flow from investments ($10,000)
Financing cash flow:
Cash from bond issue = ending bonds payable + bonds repaid – beginning bonds payable
= 15,000+0-10,000 = $5,000 (source)
Beginning bonds payable + bonds issued – bonds repaid
= ending bonds payable
= 10,000+5,000-0
= 15,000
Cash to re-acquire stock = beginning common stock + stock issued – ending common
stock
=50,000+0-40,000
= $ 10,000(use or a net share repurchased of $ 10,000)
Beginning common stock + stock issued – stock re-acquired
= ending common stock
= $50,000+0-10,000
= $ 40,000
Cash dividends = - cash declared + increase in dividend payable
= - 8,500+5,000= $-3,500(use)
Beginning dividends payable+ dividend declared – dividend paid
= ending dividend payable
= 1,000+8,500-3,500
= $6,000
Note: if the dividend declared amount is not provided, you can calculate the amount as
follows: dividend declared = beginning retained earning + net income – ending retained
earnings. Here. $30,000 + $37,500 - $59,000= $ 8,500
Source will be added and use will be subtracted from the respective heads
$
sale of bonds 5,000
repurchase of stock 10,000
cash dividends 3,500
cash flow from financing 8,500
Monday, November 16, 2009
HRM501 GDB
Downsizing
is simply reducing the number of reporting layers in the organisation to produce a better line of communication and efficiency through the business. Downsizing is a stressful and risky business and should not be carried out by anyone who has not experienced this technique. It is best put in the hands of consultants. Right sizing is a lot less risky. It involves reducing the organisation by a small percentage. By doing this you can keep the organisation trim and in better condition. Rightsizing
can be achieved by a number of painless means such as:· Freezing recruitment· Releasing the long term sickAllowing early retirement· Releasing poor performersWith right sizing – reducing the organisational numbers will initially improve productivity figures. The trick with right sizing the organisation is to watch and track the link between reducing numbers and productivity and stop the reduction as soon as the productivity improvement graph plateau’s out
is simply reducing the number of reporting layers in the organisation to produce a better line of communication and efficiency through the business. Downsizing is a stressful and risky business and should not be carried out by anyone who has not experienced this technique. It is best put in the hands of consultants. Right sizing is a lot less risky. It involves reducing the organisation by a small percentage. By doing this you can keep the organisation trim and in better condition. Rightsizing
can be achieved by a number of painless means such as:· Freezing recruitment· Releasing the long term sickAllowing early retirement· Releasing poor performersWith right sizing – reducing the organisational numbers will initially improve productivity figures. The trick with right sizing the organisation is to watch and track the link between reducing numbers and productivity and stop the reduction as soon as the productivity improvement graph plateau’s out
HRM501 GDB
Downsizing
is simply reducing the number of reporting layers in the organisation to produce a better line of communication and efficiency through the business. Downsizing is a stressful and risky business and should not be carried out by anyone who has not experienced this technique. It is best put in the hands of consultants. Right sizing is a lot less risky. It involves reducing the organisation by a small percentage. By doing this you can keep the organisation trim and in better condition. Rightsizing
can be achieved by a number of painless means such as:· Freezing recruitment· Releasing the long term sickAllowing early retirement· Releasing poor performersWith right sizing – reducing the organisational numbers will initially improve productivity figures. The trick with right sizing the organisation is to watch and track the link between reducing numbers and productivity and stop the reduction as soon as the productivity improvement graph plateau’s out
is simply reducing the number of reporting layers in the organisation to produce a better line of communication and efficiency through the business. Downsizing is a stressful and risky business and should not be carried out by anyone who has not experienced this technique. It is best put in the hands of consultants. Right sizing is a lot less risky. It involves reducing the organisation by a small percentage. By doing this you can keep the organisation trim and in better condition. Rightsizing
can be achieved by a number of painless means such as:· Freezing recruitment· Releasing the long term sickAllowing early retirement· Releasing poor performersWith right sizing – reducing the organisational numbers will initially improve productivity figures. The trick with right sizing the organisation is to watch and track the link between reducing numbers and productivity and stop the reduction as soon as the productivity improvement graph plateau’s out
MGT613
April 23 = (50+65+52)/3= 55.66April 30 = (65+52+56)/3= 57.66May 7 = (52+56+55)/3= 54.33 May 14 = (56+55+60)/3 = 57May 21 = (55+60+56)/3= 57Weighted Moving AverageApril 23 = 0.50(52)+0.30(65)+0.20(50)= 26 + 19.5 + 10= 55.5April 30 = 0.50(56)+0.30(52)+0.20(65)= 28 + 15.6 + 13= 56.6 May 7 = 0.50(55)+0.30(56)+0.20(52)= 27.5 + 16.8 + 10.4 = 54.7May 14 = 0.50(60)+0.30(55)+0.20(56)= 30 + 16.8 + 11.2= 58May 21 = 0.50(56)+0.30(60)+0.20(55)= 28 + 18 + 11= 57 Used smoothing constant (alpha)a = 0.1April 16 = 50 + 0.1(65 – 50)= 51.5April 23 = 51.5 + 0.1(52 – 51.5)= 51.55April 30 = 51.55 + 0.1(56 – 51.55)= 51.995May 07 = 51.995 + 0.1(55 – 51.995)= 52.2955May 14 = 52.2955 + 0.1(60 – 52.2955)= 53.0659May 21 = 53.0659 + 0.1(56 – 53.0659)= 53.3593
STA603 GDB
STA603 GDB
Scenario: 1
Question No: 1 whether it is an applied or basic research?Answer: Yes, It is an Applied Research.Question No: 2 whether it is a descriptive, exploratory or explanatory research?Answer: Yes, It is a descriptive Research.Questions: Identify the variables in the above
Scenario # 2.
1. Dependent variable & Independent variableAnswer: dependent variable is production manager and independent variable is worker or employees of the company.2. Moderating variableAnswer: Management style is moderating variable.
MGT402 GDB
MGT402 GDB
Try to get idea from this material
An accounting method of maintaining up to date in automobiles company records that accurately reflect the level of goods on hand, this method can oppose to a yearly or monthly calculation in allows for an automobiles company to have more timely and accurate data on inventories.One keeping continual track of additions or deletions in materials, work in process, and cost of goods sold on a day to day basis. Physical inventory counts are usually taken at least once a year in order to check on the validity of the book records. Cost of goods sold therefore is kept on a day to day basis rather than being determined periodically. we are using these factor in these calculation techniqes are Fifo Lifo, Balance sheets,etc
CS507
Impact on Economy
This technology contributes to several national economic prosperity goals. Its major contribution is to job creation and economic growth because it is an essential part of the new manufacturing infrastructure centered on computer- controlled manufacturing. For example, by contributing to producibility and lower costs of "clean cars," CIM support software plays an important role in making clean cars more economically viable and giving U.S. industry advantage in the new generation of vehicles for world markets. It provides one of the tools which can be used to excel at the products and processes identified by the NEMI as essential for future competitiveness of U.S. electronics industry in world markets. It provides the capabilities to work with new materials tailored specifically to the needs of automotive, electronics, construction and aircraft industries, and is essential to the design and economic production of sophisticated new automobiles and aircraft. Finally, CIM support software contributes to the harnessing of information technology because many of the physical components of the information infrastructure, e.g., integrated circuits, can be manufactured more productively with reliance on CIM.
CS201
#include using namespace std; void sort(char array[], int length); int main() { char firstArray[15]; char secondArray[15]; char mergedArray[30]; bool flag = false; int i; int mergedIndex; cout<<"Enter into First Array\n"; fgets(firstArray, sizeof(firstArray), stdin); cout<<"Enter into Second array\n"; fgets(secondArray, sizeof(secondArray), stdin); // Copy the first array into the merged array for(i = 0; firstArray[i] != '\n'; ++i) { mergedArray[i] = firstArray[i]; } mergedIndex = i; //Copy second array into merged array for(i = 0; secondArray[i] != '\n'; ++i) { mergedArray[mergedIndex++] = secondArray[i]; } mergedArray[mergedIndex] = 0; cout<<"\nMerged : "; for(i = 0; i<> { cout< } sort(mergedArray, mergedIndex); cout<<"\nSorted : "; for(i = 0; i<> { cout< } system("PAUSE"); return EXIT_SUCCESS; } void sort(char array[], int length) { int stop = length - 1; for (int i = 0; i <> { for (int j = 0; j <> { if (array[j] > array[j+1]) { char tmp = array[j]; array[j] = array[j+1]; array[j+1] = tmp; } } } }
#include #include #include #include using namespace std; const size_t N = 10; const char space = ' '; void selectionSort(char *, size_t length); void printArray(const char *); int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { string line; string::iterator i; size_t j, k; char *a1 = new char[N], *a2 = new char[N], *merged = new char[N*2]; c << "For arrays A1 and A2, enter up to " <<> "; getline(cin,line); for (i = line.begin(), j = 0; (i != line.end()) && (j <> "; getline(cin,line); for (i = line.begin(), j = 0; (i != line.end()) && (j < j =" 0," k =" 0;" i =" 0;" i =" 0;" min =" i;" j =" i+1;" min =" j;" t =" a[min];"> a h b c u v I j k e A2 > y u d f g k I w q a Merged : a y h b d c f u g v I j w k q e Sorted : a b c d e f g h I j k q u v w y #endif
#include using namespace std; void merge(char[],int, char[],int ,char[],int&); void fill(char[], int&,char[],int,int&); void print(char[],int,string); void input(char[],int,string); void sort(char[],int); bool already(char,char[],int); int main() {char a[10],b[10],c[20]; int asize=10,csize=0,bsize=10; input (a,asize,"array 1"); input (b,bsize,"array 2"); print(a,asize,"Original Array 1"); print(b,bsize,"Original Array 2"); merge(a,asize,b,bsize,c,csize); print(c,csize,"Merged Array"); sort(c,csize); print(c,csize,"Sorted Merged Array"); system("pause"); return 0; } void print(char a[],int n,string mess) {int i; cout< i="0;i" aupto="0,bupto=" turn="0;" turn="=" aupto="=" turn="1;" bupto="=" turn="0;" i="0;i" j="i;j" t="a[i];" i="0;i">>a[i]; } bool already(char a,char c[],int csize) {int i; for(i=0;i if(a==c[i]) return true; return false; }
#include #include #include #include using namespace std; const size_t N = 10; const char space = ' '; void selectionSort(char *, size_t length); void printArray(const char *); int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { string line; string::iterator i; size_t j, k; char *a1 = new char[N], *a2 = new char[N], *merged = new char[N*2]; c << "For arrays A1 and A2, enter up to " <<> "; getline(cin,line); for (i = line.begin(), j = 0; (i != line.end()) && (j <> "; getline(cin,line); for (i = line.begin(), j = 0; (i != line.end()) && (j < j =" 0," k =" 0;" i =" 0;" i =" 0;" min =" i;" j =" i+1;" min =" j;" t =" a[min];"> a h b c u v I j k e A2 > y u d f g k I w q a Merged : a y h b d c f u g v I j w k q e Sorted : a b c d e f g h I j k q u v w y #endif
#include using namespace std; void merge(char[],int, char[],int ,char[],int&); void fill(char[], int&,char[],int,int&); void print(char[],int,string); void input(char[],int,string); void sort(char[],int); bool already(char,char[],int); int main() {char a[10],b[10],c[20]; int asize=10,csize=0,bsize=10; input (a,asize,"array 1"); input (b,bsize,"array 2"); print(a,asize,"Original Array 1"); print(b,bsize,"Original Array 2"); merge(a,asize,b,bsize,c,csize); print(c,csize,"Merged Array"); sort(c,csize); print(c,csize,"Sorted Merged Array"); system("pause"); return 0; } void print(char a[],int n,string mess) {int i; cout< i="0;i" aupto="0,bupto=" turn="0;" turn="=" aupto="=" turn="1;" bupto="=" turn="0;" i="0;i" j="i;j" t="a[i];" i="0;i">>a[i]; } bool already(char a,char c[],int csize) {int i; for(i=0;i if(a==c[i]) return true; return false; }
IT430
Assignment No. 3
Dated: Nov 17, 09
Assignment No. 3 have been Uploaded and due date for this assignment is 24th November 2009. You will upload HTML file of your solution.
Dated: Nov 17, 09
Assignment No. 3 have been Uploaded and due date for this assignment is 24th November 2009. You will upload HTML file of your solution.
Assignment Solutions
Assignment Solutions of Virtual University of Pakistan. Join the Fourm http://www.vu39.com/
Monday, October 19, 2009
IT430 Fall 2009
IT430 E-Commerce
Assignment No: 01
Assignment No: 01
Fall 2009
Question # 1
At which layer lost packets are traced?
Question # 1
At which layer lost packets are traced?
ANS:
Session Layer is the 3rd Layer from sender side and 5th layer from the receiver side of International organization for standard’s (ISO) model. This layer instructs to create communication link between the sending and receiving machine via combination of protocols. The modes of communication are simplex, half-duplex and full-duplex.
1. Simplex means communication in one direction only.
2. Half-duplex means communication in two directions but one party can send data at a time.
3. Full-duplex means communication in two directions while both parties are able to send data at the same time.1. Simplex means communication in one direction only.
2. Half-duplex means communication in two directions but one party can send data at a time.
It also places special checkpoints on data packets to trace any lost packets.
Question # 2
Write down three benefits of switching to IP Version 6.
ANS:
As the IP version 6 is the latest version then the IP version 4 so, no doubt it will be more improved one then the older version; here are three basic benefits that we can derive by switching to the IP version 6
1. Larger address space
2. Provision for extension
3. Security Features
Question # 3
You have four computers and a switch, you want to make a network of these computers using switch, which networking topology you will use?
ANS:
In this case when I have four computers and a switch to make a network using the switch, I’ll go for the STAR TOPOLGY. As I know that the switch is a computer networking device that connects network segments. It commonly refers to a network bridge that processes and routes data at the Data link layer of the OSI model. The switch which process data at the network layer is referred as Multilayer switches how ever it is generally not intelligent such as hub but the small network like 4 computers network can be easily made by using a switch in the star topology.
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